47130.One view of the economy contends that a large drop in oil prices should eventually lead to lowering interest rates, as well as lowering fears about inflation, a rally in stocks and bonds, and a weakening of the dollar.
lowering interest rates, as well as lowering fears about inflation,
a lowering of interest rates and of fears about inflation,
a lowering of interest rates, along with fears about inflation,
interest rates being lowered, along with fears about inflation,
interest rates and fears about inflation being lowered, with
Explanation:
At issue is the need for logical and formal parallelism in a coordinate series. B, the best choice, clearly and correctly uses parallel noun phrases to list three effects of a drop in oil prices: a lowering of..., a rally in ..., and a weakening of.... In place of the correct lower before/ears, choice A uses an incorrect participial adjective, lowering, that could cause confusion by seeming at first to function as a verb. A also violates parallelism. In C and D, the use of along with confuses meaning by making fears about inflation an independent effect, not an object of lowering. D and E violate parallelism by substituting an awkward gerund clause for the first noun phrase.
At issue is the need for logical and formal parallelism in a coordinate series. B, the best choice, clearly and correctly uses parallel noun phrases to list three effects of a drop in oil prices: a lowering of..., a rally in ..., and a weakening of.... In place of the correct lower before/ears, choice A uses an incorrect participial adjective, lowering, that could cause confusion by seeming at first to function as a verb. A also violates parallelism. In C and D, the use of along with confuses meaning by making fears about inflation an independent effect, not an object of lowering. D and E violate parallelism by substituting an awkward gerund clause for the first noun phrase.
47131.Among the many reasons for his defeat in the election was his arrogant assumption that his constituents were incapable of understanding economic conditions, and his unwarranted attack on his chief opponent.
was his arrogant assumption that his constituents were incapable of understanding economic conditions
were his arrogant assumption that his constituents were incapable of understanding economic conditions
were his arrogant assumptions that his constituents were incapable of understanding economical conditions
were his arrogant assumption that his constituents would be incapable of understanding economics
was the arrogant assumption that his constituents was incapable of understanding economic conditions
47132.Work that is not finished is not work at all, it is merely a botch, a failure.
all, it is merely a botch, a failure.
all, it is a botch merely, and a failure.
all; it is merely a botch, a failure.
all; the work merely is a botch and a failure.
all; the work being merely a botch, a failure.
47133.The Bengal school attempted to create an authentic style of Indian painting based on the study of the art of ancient India, Indian medieval miniature traditions, as well as European and Japanese art.
Indian medieval miniature traditions, as well as European and Japanese art
and Indian medieval miniature traditions, as well as European and Japanese art
Indian medieval miniature traditions, and European and Japanese art as well
and Indian medieval miniature traditions, and European as well as Japanese art
Indian medieval miniature traditions, European, and Japanese art
47134.From 1982 to 1987 sales of new small boats increased between five and ten percent annually.
From 1982 to 1987 sales of new small boats increased between five and ten percent annually.
Five to ten percent is the annual increase in sales of new small boats in the years 1982 to 1987.
Sales of new small boats have increased annually five and ten percent in the years 1982 to 1987.
Annually an increase of five to ten percent has occurred between 1982 and 1987 in the sales of new small boats.
Occurring from 1982 to 1987 was an annual increase of five and ten percent in the sales of new small boats.
Explanation:
In choice D, the best answer, the phrase contemporaries of Harriet Tubman presents a complete possessive without adding an apostrophe (e.g., Tubman s). Choices A, B, and C use a redundant possessive: contemporaries of Harriet Tubman s. All choices other than D have errors in verb tense. Because the sentence describes essentially simultaneous actions completed in the past, the simple past tense forms maintained and had are required. Thus, the present tense forms has and maintain are incorrect in A, B, and E, as are . the present perfect have maintained in C and the past perfect had maintained in E.
In choice D, the best answer, the phrase contemporaries of Harriet Tubman presents a complete possessive without adding an apostrophe (e.g., Tubman s). Choices A, B, and C use a redundant possessive: contemporaries of Harriet Tubman s. All choices other than D have errors in verb tense. Because the sentence describes essentially simultaneous actions completed in the past, the simple past tense forms maintained and had are required. Thus, the present tense forms has and maintain are incorrect in A, B, and E, as are . the present perfect have maintained in C and the past perfect had maintained in E.
47135.In recent years cattle breeders have increasingly used crossbreeding, in part that their steers should acquire certain characteristics and partly because crossbreeding is said to provide hybrid vigor.
in part that their steers should acquire certain characteristics
in part for the acquisition of certain characteristics in their steers
partly because of their steers acquiring certain characteristics
partly because certain characteristics should be acquired by their steers
partly to acquire certain characteristics in their steers
Explanation:
Choice E is best; it best indicates purpose for crossbreeding-- partly to acquire. In A, in part that does not grammatically connect the underlined portion to the first part of the sentence (the independent clause). In both A and B, in part is not parallel with and partly in the nonunderlined portion. Choice C causes a misreading, suggesting that the steers acquisition has caused the crossbreeding. D awkwardly and illogically shifts to the passive voice: certain characteristics should be acquired by their steers; the steers, however, are not agents in the acquisition.
Choice E is best; it best indicates purpose for crossbreeding-- partly to acquire. In A, in part that does not grammatically connect the underlined portion to the first part of the sentence (the independent clause). In both A and B, in part is not parallel with and partly in the nonunderlined portion. Choice C causes a misreading, suggesting that the steers acquisition has caused the crossbreeding. D awkwardly and illogically shifts to the passive voice: certain characteristics should be acquired by their steers; the steers, however, are not agents in the acquisition.
47136.Early 16th Century moralist philosophers, particularly in France and England, regarded Machiavelli`s The Prince as a collection of cynical precepts for tyrants, and not until the 17th Century was the view of Machiavelli as a teacher of evil questioned by philosophers.
Early 16th Century moralist philosophers, particularly in France and England, regarded Machiavelli`s The Prince as a collection of cynical precepts for tyrants, and not until the 17th Century was the view of Machiavelli as a teacher of evil questioned by philosophers.
Machiavelli`s The Prince was regarded as a collection of cynical precepts for tyrants by early 16th Century moralist philosophers, particularly in France and England, and not until the 17th Century did philosophers question the view of him as a teacher of evil.
Early 16th Century moralist philosophers, in France and England particularly, considered Machiavelli`s The Prince as a collection of cynical precepts for tyrants, and not until the 17th Century was the view of Machiavelli as a teacher of evil questioned by philosophers.
Early 16th Century moralist philosophers, particularly in France and England, regarded Machiavelli`s The Prince to be a collection of cynical precepts for tyrants, and not until the 17th Century philosophers was the view of Machiavelli as a teacher of evil questioned.
Machiavelli`s The Prince was regarded as a collection of cynical precepts for tyrants by early 16th Century moralist philosophers, particularly in France and England, and not until the 17th Century was the view of him as a teacher of evil questioned.
47137.The peaks of a mountain range, acting like rocks in a streambed, produce ripples in the air flowing over them; the resulting flow pattern, with crests and troughs that remain stationary although the air that forms them is moving rapidly, are known as "standing waves."
crests and troughs that remain stationary although the air that forms them is moving rapidly, are
crests and troughs that remain stationary although they are formed by rapidly moving air, are
crests and troughs that remain stationary although the air that forms them is moving rapidly, is
stationary crests and troughs although the air that forms them is moving rapidly, are
stationary crests and troughs although they are formed by rapidly moving air, is
Explanation:
The main challenge in this sentence is to observe the agreement of subject and verb (the resulting flow pattern... is known...) despite the distraction of a complex intervening structure containing several plural elements (with crests and troughs...). Choices A, B, and D can, therefore, be eliminated because they use an incorrect plural verb form, are. Choice E uses the correct verb form, is, but it incorrectly introduces a dependent adverbial although clause into a prepositional phrase (with crests ...). Choice D also makes this error. Such dependent clauses can only occur in the predicates of full clauses. C, the best choice, uses the correct verb form, is, and correctly puts the although clause inside the predicate of the relative clause (that... rapidly).
The main challenge in this sentence is to observe the agreement of subject and verb (the resulting flow pattern... is known...) despite the distraction of a complex intervening structure containing several plural elements (with crests and troughs...). Choices A, B, and D can, therefore, be eliminated because they use an incorrect plural verb form, are. Choice E uses the correct verb form, is, but it incorrectly introduces a dependent adverbial although clause into a prepositional phrase (with crests ...). Choice D also makes this error. Such dependent clauses can only occur in the predicates of full clauses. C, the best choice, uses the correct verb form, is, and correctly puts the although clause inside the predicate of the relative clause (that... rapidly).
47138.Like Auden. the language of James Merrill is chatty, arch, and conversational--given to complex syntactic flights as well as to prosaic free-verse strolls.
Like Auden, the language of James Merrill
Like Auden, James Merrills language
Like Audens, James Merrills language
As with Auden, James Merrills language
As is Audens the language of James Merrill
Explanation:
At issue is a comparison of Auden s language with Merrill s language. Only C, the best choice, uses the elliptical like Auden s (language being understood), to compare Auden s language with Merrill s language. A, B, and D compare Auden (the person) with Merrill s language. Choice E is awkward and unidiomatic.
At issue is a comparison of Auden s language with Merrill s language. Only C, the best choice, uses the elliptical like Auden s (language being understood), to compare Auden s language with Merrill s language. A, B, and D compare Auden (the person) with Merrill s language. Choice E is awkward and unidiomatic.
47139.The Senate approved immigration legislation that would grant permanent residency to millions of aliens currently residing here and if employers hired illegal aliens they would be penalized.
if employers hired illegal aliens they would be penalized
hiring illegal aliens would be a penalty for employers
penalize employers who hire illegal aliens
penalizing employers hiring illegal aliens
employers to be penalized for hiring illegal aliens
Explanation:
The sentence contains a relative clause (that...) indicating, in its compound predicate, two effects of the immigration legislation: (it) would grant x and (would) penalize y. The auxiliary would may be omitted before penalize, but the main verbs must remain parallel. Only C, the best choice, observes these conditions. A and B produce incoherent, fused sentences in which the two main clauses are not parallel. Furthermore, in A the referent of they is unclear, and in B the statement hiring illegal aliens would be a penalty makes no sense. D violates parallel structure by substituting a present participle (penalizing) for the second main verb. E introduces an incoherent passive infinitive construction that violates sense and parallel structure.
The sentence contains a relative clause (that...) indicating, in its compound predicate, two effects of the immigration legislation: (it) would grant x and (would) penalize y. The auxiliary would may be omitted before penalize, but the main verbs must remain parallel. Only C, the best choice, observes these conditions. A and B produce incoherent, fused sentences in which the two main clauses are not parallel. Furthermore, in A the referent of they is unclear, and in B the statement hiring illegal aliens would be a penalty makes no sense. D violates parallel structure by substituting a present participle (penalizing) for the second main verb. E introduces an incoherent passive infinitive construction that violates sense and parallel structure.
47140.The publishers, unwilling to shoulder the entire risk, insisted that the author should pay half the cost of the initial print run of his controversial new book.
The publishers, unwilling to shoulder the entire risk, insisted that the author should pay half the cost of the initial print run of his controversial new book.
The publishers, unwilling to shoulder the entire risk, insisted that the author should be paying half the cost of the initial print run of the author`s controversial new book.
The publishers, unwilling to shoulder the entire risk, insisted that the author pay half the cost of the initial print run of his controversial new book.
Unwilling to shoulder the entire risk, the publishers insisted the author should pay half the cost of the initial print run of his controversial new book.
Unwilling to shoulder the entire risk, the author was required by the publisher to pay half the cost of the initial print run of his controversial new book.
47141.Scientists have recently discovered what could be the largest and oldest living organism on Earth, a giant fungus that is an interwoven filigree of mushrooms and rootlike tentacles spawned by a single fertilized spore some 10,000 years ago and extending for more than 30 acres in the soil of a Michigan forest.
extending
extends
extended
it extended
is extending
Explanation:
Choice A, the best answer, preserves grammatical parallelism while allowing for logical expression of temporal relationships; A employs the parallel participial phrases spawned... and extending ... to modify filigree. Other choices present different grammatical constructions that are not participial modifiers and thus not parallel to spawned: extends in B is a present-tense verb; it extended in D begins a new clause; and is extending in E ungrammatically introduces a new predicate. In C, extended is nonparallel if it is assumed to be a past tense verb form; if it is assumed to be a past participle, it illogically states, as does D, that the filigree extended only in the past.
Choice A, the best answer, preserves grammatical parallelism while allowing for logical expression of temporal relationships; A employs the parallel participial phrases spawned... and extending ... to modify filigree. Other choices present different grammatical constructions that are not participial modifiers and thus not parallel to spawned: extends in B is a present-tense verb; it extended in D begins a new clause; and is extending in E ungrammatically introduces a new predicate. In C, extended is nonparallel if it is assumed to be a past tense verb form; if it is assumed to be a past participle, it illogically states, as does D, that the filigree extended only in the past.
47142.The period when the great painted caves at Lascaux and Altamira were occupied by Upper Paleolithic people has been established by carbon-14 dating, but what is much more difficult to determine are the reason for their decoration, the use to which primitive people put the caves, and the meaning of the magnificently depicted animals.
has been established by carbon-14 dating, but what is much more difficult to determine are
has been established by carbon-14 dating, but what is much more difficult to determine is
have been established by carbon-14 dating, but what is much more difficult to determine is
have been established by carbon-14 dating, but what is much more difficult to determine are
are established by carbon-14 dating, but that which is much more difficult to determine is
Explanation:
Two instances of subject-verb agreement must be observed in this sentence: The period ... has been established and what is much more difficult to determine ... is. Both clauses have singular subjects and must have singular verbs. Only B, the best choice, observes these requirements. A incorrectly uses the plural form are in the second clause. Choices C and D incorrectly use the plural form have in the first clause, and D incorrectly uses are in the second clause as well. E incorrectly uses the plural form are in the first clause. Furthermore, because the date of the period in question was established before the writing of the sentence, the verb of that clause must be in the present perfect form (has been established).
Two instances of subject-verb agreement must be observed in this sentence: The period ... has been established and what is much more difficult to determine ... is. Both clauses have singular subjects and must have singular verbs. Only B, the best choice, observes these requirements. A incorrectly uses the plural form are in the second clause. Choices C and D incorrectly use the plural form have in the first clause, and D incorrectly uses are in the second clause as well. E incorrectly uses the plural form are in the first clause. Furthermore, because the date of the period in question was established before the writing of the sentence, the verb of that clause must be in the present perfect form (has been established).
47143.The Baldrick Manufacturing Company has for several years followed a policy aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving the efficiency of its distribution system.
aimed at decreasing operating costs and improving
aimed at the decreasing of operating costs and to improve
aiming at the decreasing of operating costs and improving
the aim of which is the decreasing of operating costs and improving
with the aim to decrease operating costs and to improve
Explanation:
The best choice, A, offers an adjective phrase unequivocally modifying policy and exhibiting grammatical parallelism (decreasing ... and improving). In choice B, the gerund the decreasing is not grammatically parallel with the infinitive to improve. Likewise, in C and D, the decreasing of... costs is not parallel with improving the efficiency. In E, the infinitives to decrease and to improve, while parallel, are less idiomatic than the prepositional phrase of decreasing ... and improving in modifying the noun aim. Also, with the aim... improve can easily be construed as referring to the Baldrick Manufacturing Company and so does not refer unequivocally to policy.
The best choice, A, offers an adjective phrase unequivocally modifying policy and exhibiting grammatical parallelism (decreasing ... and improving). In choice B, the gerund the decreasing is not grammatically parallel with the infinitive to improve. Likewise, in C and D, the decreasing of... costs is not parallel with improving the efficiency. In E, the infinitives to decrease and to improve, while parallel, are less idiomatic than the prepositional phrase of decreasing ... and improving in modifying the noun aim. Also, with the aim... improve can easily be construed as referring to the Baldrick Manufacturing Company and so does not refer unequivocally to policy.
47144.Parliament did not accord full refugee benefits to twelve of the recent immigrants because it believed that to do it rewards them for entering the country illegally.
to do it rewards
doing it rewards
to do this would reward
doing so would reward
to do it would reward
Explanation:
Choice D, the best answer, appropriately uses the adverb so to refer back to the verb accord. The other choices inappropriately use pronouns (it or this) to refer back to the verb. Also, A and B use the indicative verb rewards, whereas the logic of the sentence demands the conditional would reward (what Parliament believes to be the undue rewarding of illegal immigrants has not actually taken place but is considered only as an outcome of a hypothetical action).
Choice D, the best answer, appropriately uses the adverb so to refer back to the verb accord. The other choices inappropriately use pronouns (it or this) to refer back to the verb. Also, A and B use the indicative verb rewards, whereas the logic of the sentence demands the conditional would reward (what Parliament believes to be the undue rewarding of illegal immigrants has not actually taken place but is considered only as an outcome of a hypothetical action).
47145.Many policy experts say that shifting a portion of health-benefit costs back to the workers helps to control the employer s costs, but also helps to limit medical spending by making patients more careful consumers.
helps to control the employers costs, but also helps
helps the control of the employers costs, and also
not only helps to control the employers costs, but also helps
helps to control not only the employers costs, but
not only helps to control the employers costs, and also helps
Explanation:
To convey the idea that shifting a portion of health-benefit costs back to workers has two complementary effects, the correct sentence must link grammatically parallel statements of these effects with and also or with not only ... but also. In choice A, helps ... but also undermines the and also paradigm, wrongly suggesting a contrast in the effects. In choice E, the unidiomatic not only ... and violates the not only ... but also paradigm. Choices B and D are not parallel. Also, the phrase helps the control in B is vague and unidio�matic. Choice C, the best answer, develops the parallel not only helps to... but also helps to.
To convey the idea that shifting a portion of health-benefit costs back to workers has two complementary effects, the correct sentence must link grammatically parallel statements of these effects with and also or with not only ... but also. In choice A, helps ... but also undermines the and also paradigm, wrongly suggesting a contrast in the effects. In choice E, the unidiomatic not only ... and violates the not only ... but also paradigm. Choices B and D are not parallel. Also, the phrase helps the control in B is vague and unidio�matic. Choice C, the best answer, develops the parallel not only helps to... but also helps to.
47146.The Federalist papers, a strong defense of the United States Constitution and important as a body of work in political science as well represents the handiwork of three different authors.
and important as a body of work in political science as well, represents
as well as an important body of work in political science, represent
and also a body of work of importance in political science is representing
an important body of work in political science and has been representative of
and as political science an important body of work too, represent
Explanation:
Choices A, C, and D contain singular verbs that do not agree in number with the plural subject, papers. Furthermore, A violates parallelism by aligning the adjective important with the noun defense; C, employing the present progressive tense, wrongly suggests that the triple authorship of The Federalist papers is a developing situation rather than an accomplished fact; and D, employing the present perfect tense, suggests that the situation of triple authorship is no longer the case. D is also garbled syntactically because the conjunction and has been misplaced. In E, the wording is awkward. Choice B is best.
Choices A, C, and D contain singular verbs that do not agree in number with the plural subject, papers. Furthermore, A violates parallelism by aligning the adjective important with the noun defense; C, employing the present progressive tense, wrongly suggests that the triple authorship of The Federalist papers is a developing situation rather than an accomplished fact; and D, employing the present perfect tense, suggests that the situation of triple authorship is no longer the case. D is also garbled syntactically because the conjunction and has been misplaced. In E, the wording is awkward. Choice B is best.
47147.More and more holidaymakers are choosing to fly to remote islands in search of the perfect beach; seeking sand, sun and palm trees, rather than centers of entertainment.
; seeking sand, sun and palm trees, rather than centers of entertainment.
; seeking sad, sun, palm trees and not entertainment.
, with sand, sun, palm trees and no entertainment.
, they seek sand, sun and palm trees, rather than entertainment centers.
; they seek sand, sun and palm trees, rather than centers of entertainment.
47148.The plot of The Bostonians centers on the rivalry between Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, with her charming and cynical cousin. Basil Ransom, when they find themselves drawn to the same radiant young woman whose talent for public speaking has won her an ardent following.
rivalry between Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, with her charming and cynical cousin, Basil Ransom
rivals Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, against her charming and cynical cousin, Basil Ransom
rivalry that develops between Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, and Basil Ransom, her charming and cynical cousin
developing rivalry between Olive Chancellor, an active feminist, with Basil Ransom, her charming and cynical cousin
active feminist. Olive Chancellor, and the rivalry with her charming and cynical cousin Basil Ransom
Explanation:
The enumeration of the rivals requires the conjunction and . either the rivalry between x and y or the rivals x and y. Choices A and D wrongly substitute with for and in the first paradigm; choice B wrongly substitutes against for and in the second. Choice E does not clearly state that Chancellor is party to the rivalry. E also awkwardly pairs Chancellor and rivalry, not Chancellor and Ransom, as antecedents of they. Choice C, the best answer, correctly uses the between x and y paradigm and clearly and unequivocally identifies both parties in the rivalry.
The enumeration of the rivals requires the conjunction and . either the rivalry between x and y or the rivals x and y. Choices A and D wrongly substitute with for and in the first paradigm; choice B wrongly substitutes against for and in the second. Choice E does not clearly state that Chancellor is party to the rivalry. E also awkwardly pairs Chancellor and rivalry, not Chancellor and Ransom, as antecedents of they. Choice C, the best answer, correctly uses the between x and y paradigm and clearly and unequivocally identifies both parties in the rivalry.
47149.Ricks has written extensively on not only major figures in English poetry like Milton and Housman, but also on the lyrics of Bob Dylan.
on not only major figures in English poetry like Milton, but also on
not only on the poetry of such major figures as Milton and Housman, but also on
not only on major figures in English poetry like Milton and Housman, but also on
on major figures in English poetry like Milton and Housman, as well as
on major figures in English poetry such as Milton and Housman, but also on